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History of the Bagpipes Scotland has a wealth and variety of music, and one of the oldest and most successful of wind instruments is the Bagpipe. Although its origins have never been the property of one people or nation, it is now strongly identified with Scotland, especially in the form of the Great Highland Bagpipe. The Scottish or Highland pipe is now the best known in the world, with one bass drone harmonising with two tenor drones and being tuned to the pitch of the pipe chanter. This powerful instrument has a long pedigree deriving from prehistoric shawms and hornpipes of Near Eastern civilisations, evolving with bag and drones in Classical and early European history, and emerging as a familiar instrument by the 12th century, significantly a renaissance period of economic well-being. The pipes were being played in Scotland by the 14th century and in the Highlands by about 1400. They achieved their recognisable form in the late 16th and 17th centuries, with decorated chanter and drones, when they also overtook the harp as the musical instrument of Gaelic society and assumed a traditional role in Gaelic culture; they complemented the bardic tradition of brosnachadh - encouragement and incitement - the praise of warriors and chieftains and the lament for their passing. They were played in the Great Hall and naturally for dancing and entertainment. Dynasties of pipers emerged, such as MacCrimmons, MacKays, MacGregors, and Cummings, who performed the duties of official piper for their patrons through successive generations and who sustained and generated the music of the bagpipe until the collapse of the society which nurtured them in the wake of the Jacobite wars of the 18th century. The Highland bagpipe survived by virtue of the growth of the empire and standing armies and these influences standardised the instrument and styles of playing. Piping both in Scotland and in Europe as a whole had been characterised by variety of music and playing styles, and of the instrument itself. Other forms of bagpipe that are gaining increasing popularity are the Scottish Small Pipes and the Border Pipes. The Scottish Small Pipe produces a mellow sound. Small pipes are played across the knees with the use of a bellows. No blowing at all is required. The border pipes are operated by the same means, but they produce a sound more akin to that of the Highland Bagpipe. These types of Bagpipe are suited to being played with other instruments such as fiddles and whistle. This is because they are most commonly played in the key of A or D as opposed to Bb of the Highland Bagpipe. Hugh Cheape, National Museum of Scotland www.nms.ac.uk